C#中SortedDictionary 的使用

TKey

字典中的键的类型。

TValue

字典中的值的类型。

SortedDictionary 泛型类是检索运算复杂度为 O(log n) 的二叉搜索树，其中 n 是字典中的元素数。就这一点而言，它与 SortedList 泛型类相似。这两个类具有相似的对象模型，并且都具有 O(log n) 的检索运算复杂度。这两个类的区别在于内存的使用以及插入和移除元素的速度：

• SortedList 使用的内存比 SortedDictionary 少。

• SortedDictionary 可对未排序的数据执行更快的插入和移除操作：它的时间复杂度为 O(log n)，而 SortedList 为 O(n)。

• 如果使用排序数据一次性填充列表，则 SortedList 比 SortedDictionary 快。

每个键/值对都可以作为 KeyValuePair 结构进行检索，或作为 DictionaryEntry 通过非泛型 IDictionary 接口进行检索。

只要键用作 SortedDictionary 中的键，它们就必须是不可变的。SortedDictionary 中的每个键必须是唯一的。键不能为 空引用（在 Visual Basic 中为 Nothing），但是如果值类型 TValue 为引用类型，该值则可以为空。

SortedDictionary 需要比较器实现来执行键比较。可以使用一个接受 comparer 参数的构造函数来指定 IComparer 泛型接口的实现；如果不指定实现，则使用默认的泛型比较器 Comparer.Default。如果类型 TKey 实现 System.IComparable 泛型接口，则默认比较器使用该实现。

C# 语言的 foreach 语句，需要集合中每个元素的类型。由于 SortedDictionary 的每个元素都是一个键/值对，因此元素类型既不是键的类型，也不是值的类型。而是 KeyValuePair 类型。下面的代码演示 C# 语法

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Create a new dictionary of strings, with string keys.
        //
        Dictionary<string, string> openWith =
            new Dictionary<string, string>();

        // Add some elements to the dictionary. There are no
        // duplicate keys, but some of the values are duplicates.
        openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");
        openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");
        openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");
        openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

        // The Add method throws an exception if the new key is
        // already in the dictionary.
        try
        {
            openWith.Add("txt", "winword.exe");
        }
        catch (ArgumentException)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("An element with Key = \"txt\" already exists.");
        }

        // The Item property is another name for the indexer, so you
        // can omit its name when accessing elements.
        Console.WriteLine("For key = \"rtf\", value = {0}.",
            openWith["rtf"]);

        // The indexer can be used to change the value associated
        // with a key.
        openWith["rtf"] = "winword.exe";
        Console.WriteLine("For key = \"rtf\", value = {0}.",
            openWith["rtf"]);

        // If a key does not exist, setting the indexer for that key
        // adds a new key/value pair.
        openWith["doc"] = "winword.exe";

        // The indexer throws an exception if the requested key is
        // not in the dictionary.
        try
        {
            Console.WriteLine("For key = \"tif\", value = {0}.",
                openWith["tif"]);
        }
        catch (KeyNotFoundException)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Key = \"tif\" is not found.");
        }

        // When a program often has to try keys that turn out not to
        // be in the dictionary, TryGetValue can be a more efficient
        // way to retrieve values.
        string value = "";
        if (openWith.TryGetValue("tif", out value))
        {
            Console.WriteLine("For key = \"tif\", value = {0}.", value);
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Key = \"tif\" is not found.");
        }

        // ContainsKey can be used to test keys before inserting
        // them.
        if (!openWith.ContainsKey("ht"))
        {
            openWith.Add("ht", "hypertrm.exe");
            Console.WriteLine("Value added for key = \"ht\": {0}",
                openWith["ht"]);
        }

        // When you use foreach to enumerate dictionary elements,
        // the elements are retrieved as KeyValuePair objects.
        Console.WriteLine();
        foreach( KeyValuePair<string, string> kvp in openWith )
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}, Value = {1}",
                kvp.Key, kvp.Value);
        }

        // To get the values alone, use the Values property.
        Dictionary<string, string>.ValueCollection valueColl =
            openWith.Values;

        // The elements of the ValueCollection are strongly typed
        // with the type that was specified for dictionary values.
        Console.WriteLine();
        foreach( string s in valueColl )
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Value = {0}", s);
        }

        // To get the keys alone, use the Keys property.
        Dictionary<string, string>.KeyCollection keyColl =
            openWith.Keys;

        // The elements of the KeyCollection are strongly typed
        // with the type that was specified for dictionary keys.
        Console.WriteLine();
        foreach( string s in keyColl )
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}", s);
        }

        // Use the Remove method to remove a key/value pair.
        Console.WriteLine("\nRemove(\"doc\")");
        openWith.Remove("doc");

        if (!openWith.ContainsKey("doc"))
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Key \"doc\" is not found.");
        }
    }
}
 

× This code example produces the following output:

An element with Key = "txt" already exists.
For key = "rtf", value = wordpad.exe.
For key = "rtf", value = winword.exe.
Key = "tif" is not found.
Key = "tif" is not found.
Value added for key = "ht": hypertrm.exe

Key = txt, Value = notepad.exe
Key = bmp, Value = paint.exe
Key = dib, Value = paint.exe
Key = rtf, Value = winword.exe
Key = doc, Value = winword.exe
Key = ht, Value = hypertrm.exe

Value = notepad.exe
Value = paint.exe
Value = paint.exe
Value = winword.exe
Value = winword.exe
Value = hypertrm.exe

Key = txt
Key = bmp
Key = dib
Key = rtf
Key = doc
Key = ht

Remove("doc")
Key "doc" is not found.
×/